 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
 |
|
||||||||||||||
 |
|
||||||||||||||
 |
 |
|
|||||||||||||
 |
|
||||||||||||||
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
|
||||||||||
 |
 |
 |
|
||||||||||||
 |
 |
|
|||||||||||||
 |
|
||||||||||||||
 |
|
||||||||||||||
 |
 |
|
|||||||||||||
 |
|
||||||||||||||
 |
 |
|
|||||||||||||
 |
 |
|
|||||||||||||
 |
|
||||||||||||||
 |
 |
|
|||||||||||||
 |
|
||||||||||||||
 |
|
||||||||||||||
 |
|
||||||||||||||
 |
 |
 |
|
||||||||||||
 |
|
||||||||||||||
 |
 |
 |
|
||||||||||||
 |
|
||||||||||||||
 |
 |
 |
|
||||||||||||
 |
 |
 |
|
||||||||||||
 |
|
||||||||||||||
 |
|
||||||||||||||
 |
 |
 |
|
||||||||||||
 |
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
MODULE 5
THE O'ODHAM
Key Concepts:
Tohono O'odham
Akimel O'odham
Hia C-ed O'odham
San Xavier del Bac
"simple addition"
saguaro harvest
wine feast
Salt Pilgrimage
pilgrimage to Magdalena
Maricopa
Reading Assignment, Text: Chapter 5, "The O'odham," pp. 158-203
During the late 1300s and early 1400s, widespread environmental changes swept through the Southwest, and the Hohokam, the prehistoric people who lived in the same territory as the present-day O'odham, abandoned the Arizona deserts and disappeared from the archaeological record. Many, including the O'odham themselves, believe that the O'odham are the descendants of the Hohokam.
When Father Eusebio Kino and his Jesuits arrived in 1687, they found small groups of O'odham speaking the same language-the O'odham or Piman language, in the Uto-Aztecan family-but practicing three different kinds of adaptation, depending upon the special demands of the particular region in which they lived. The Tohono O'odham (once known as the Papago), who lived in the central section with 5-10 inches of annual rainfall, had developed a two-village mode of adaptation, dividing their year between summer "field" and winter "well" villages, near permanent springs in the mountain foothills. To the north and east along the Gila, Salt, and Santa Cruz Rivers, where some 10-15 inches of rain falls each year, the Akimel O'odham (Pima) had developed a one-village, or single, permanent village, adaptation. And, in the extrmemly dry western section, with 0-5 inches of rainfall per year, the Hia C-ed O'odham had developed a nomadic, no-village mode of adaptation. The following chart summarizes these three types of environmental adaptations that are based on the availability of water.
The Three O'odham Adaptations
Tohono O'odham
"Desert People"
two-village adaptation
spent winters near permanent springs in mountain foothills ("winter
well villages")
spent summers in the intermontane plains, where they farmed ("summer
field villages")
constructed rock dams to channel runoff from summer rainfall
planted corn, beans, squash, cowpeas, and melons
saguaro fruit harvest essential to culture
Akimel O'odham
"River People"
one-village adaptation
lived beside the Gila, Salt, and Santa Cruz Rivers
at this time, these rivers flowed constantly which made permanent villages
possible
after the Spanish brought wheat, they had two crops/year: winter wheat and
summer corn
known as the Pima
Hia C-ed O'odham
"Sand People"
no-village adaptation
nomadic existence because of 0-5"of rain/year
lived in extremely dry western section known as El Gran Desierto
