Today we had a quiz- individual and group.
Then the class was given group time.
 

QUIZ 5: I tried to take these answers right out of the reading, the syllabus, and quizzes that received good grades  so that they are more complete for you.

 1. Political theorists of the middle ages described society as being
 composed of "three orders." What were those orders, and what group or
 groups were left out of that model?

"During the Middle Ages, political thinkers talked about society being made up of "three orders"
or groups of people: those who fight, those who pray, and those who work. The three orders were understood in ideal political
theory to work in harmony so that those who fought, fought for all members of society, those who prayed, prayed for all
members of society, etc. You may have noticed that the social scheme of the three orders leaves no room for what we would call the middle class
(merchants, townspeople, or bourgeoisie)."
 
 
 

 2. What were "penitentials"? How was medieval women's sexuality
 regulated in and through them?
 

Penitentials were a list of penances for different sins. Women were left out for the for the most part, except when they were directly involved in a man's lustful acts or in the case of lesbianism. In the case of homosexuality, lesbiansim was not punished as much as male homosexuality except in the instance where mechanical devices were used.
 
 

 3. Grazida Lizier, the thirteenth-century unlettered peasant woman from
 Montaillou whose testimony was recorded by Cathar-hunting bishops, had
 developed her own theology (distinct from that of the orthodox Christian
 church as well as from that of the Cathars) by which she understood her
 relationship with the priest, Pierre Clergue, and with her husband. What
 was her "theology of love"?

Lizier did not consider adultery to be a sin as long as both lovers were enjoying themselves and recieving pleasure from the act.
 
 

 Bonus: what does "medieval" mean?

"For the scholars of the Renaissance, "medieval" (meaning "of the Middle Ages") meant rude, barbaric, and uncultured. In fact,
they called the architectural style of that period "gothic" (relating to the Goths, a Germanic tribe) to indicate that it was
utterly lacking in true artistic principles. "