Suffragists, Sistahs and Riot Grrrls


WS 240 Class Notes

March 8, 2001

 
 *    Film: "The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter"
     *    Explores the lives of American women during W.W.II
 
*    Pre War (late 1930's)
    *    White women mainly were housewives, mothers. Some held agricultural jobs.
    *    Black women largely had jobs in domestic service or restaurants
 
*    War Time
    *    US begins huge propaganda campaign to persuade women to join the "hidden army", to work in military industries.
    *    Reasons for women to enter the "hidden army":
        *    The US can't win without you, women are needed
        *    Husbands are at war
        *    Women can take care of their family-- the soldiers at war
    *    Women begin to work in factories as welders, shipfitters, munitions workers, etc.
    *    Jobs are "godsent"; provide much better wages
    *    Black women in work force too but face discrimination; they receive worse jobs and lower pay
    *    Some jobs are extremely dangerous too, esp. munitions; 69,000 military industry workers die during WWII
    *    Although the jobs paid more than other jobs women previously had, they still are getting less pay than men so... they form UNIONS!
        *    unions offer power and protection, women receive better pay (80% raise in some                 cases)
    *    Some women leave the workforce after awhile to be at home with family; long hours at work and home are wearing them out
    *    Women who choose to stay home or quit their jobs are given a guilt trip--"don't be an absentee"
    *    Propaganda efforts say that women leaving have caused a decline in production, causing the US military to struggle-- women could cost "our men" the war.
 
*    Post War
    *    Huge propaganda efforts again!
    *    Women expected/told to leave their jobs when the men return; the jobs belong to them
    *    US Labor Dept states that there will be no unemployment crisis when the troops return
    *    Women face sexual discrimination in jobs
        *    Even though women are highly qualified for jobs, men get them because of the seniority and veterans' rules
        *    Men and women are competitors for jobs.
    *    Propaganda efforts state that absent mothers are harming their children, families, nation's future, etc.
        *    Examples: children will begin to smoke, "8 hour orphans", husbands unhappy with unfeminine wives
    *    Women take jobs in domestic service, restaurants, sewing and CLERICAL work; receive worse pay than men
    *    Women "go home"; begin to have kids (4 million children born in post war years)
 
*    Question/Answer session about Essay 2
 
    *    Q. Can we use a textbook instead of a journal article?
    *    A. No, but you can use a textbook or book as a supplement.
 
    *    Q. Can we use more than one article?
    *    A. Yes.
 
 

*    Documentary: "Rosie The Riveter"
    *    The movie presented interviews of the working women, actual propaganda from the period and an interim analysis piece done during the post-war period.

*    WWII concerted effort by government and industry to recruit women workers to replace men leaving their jobs for soldiering and/or war work.
    *    Factory work garnered expanded opportunity for minority and white working class women to earn more money than had been possible previously.
    *    Created the possibility for women to work in personally fulfilling employment.
    *    Necessitated the education of large groups of (previously disenfranchised women) for employment.
    *    Working hard together for a common cause allowed women to overcome the sense of isolation they experienced in the home and created a sense of
                community among those women involved.
    *    Advertising and propaganda extolled the patriotic virtues of women working for the war effort
    *    Some examples include "it is safer at work than in own home", "over 18 million women working, not for money or excitement, but to do their part to support
            servicemen", "be a part of the 'family' of America."
    *    As demand grew for the war effort, more men as soldiers and supplies needed, women were needed to become replacement workers.
    *    Women workers saw themselves as "a new kind of woman" who could work, support a family, and lead full, productive lives.

*    Racism, sexism and classism rampant throughout the war despite some advancement in women's ability to voice concerns and address issues.
    *    Unions supported women and addressed some racial issues and sex discrimination during the war, this supportive policy was not maintained after the war
            was over.
    *    Because most women involved in factory work made more during one day of war time work than they had previously made during one week of work prior
            to the war, they were largely unwilling to make 'too many waves' in the factories.
    *    Women's complaints tended to be seen as unpatriotic by government and industry, and therefore not fully addressed.
    *    Women had to do 'double duty' taking over 'men's work' by doing long shifts in the factories and continuing home work for maintenance of the 'American
            family' ideal (men as bread-winners and women as homemakers).
    *    There were private day-care centers for white women located in suburban neighborhoods, but no childcare available for minority or working-class families.
    *    Working women with families had decreased opportunity for union participation because of their responsibility to work and family.
    *     Male workers treated women workers badly because women's individual presence in the work place signified the individual men gone to war.

*    After the war, women were encouraged to go back home.
    *    Wwhen women did not return home en masse women and minorities were forced out of the workplace by layoffs and firings.
    *    Government and industry policy to lay off minority women, white women and then minority men in order to provide jobs for returning soldiers.
    *    Women workers believed that they would stay in the work environment to create a 'model' society where the needs of all people were met by the expertise
            and availability of women as a dynamic and creative entity in the workforce and society.
    *    Soldiers considered the most capable workers and in need of psychological and economic stability after the war.
    *    The ideal 'American family' was purported to provide men (of the white and middle class variety) self-respect, women who wanted to stay in the workforce
            were seen as abandoning their husbands and children.
    *    Minority and working class women who needed to work became desperate for jobs, were increasingly locked out of industry positions and had to rely on
            domestic or 'women's work' for employment opportunities which greatly limited their economic success.
    *    Beginning of the "baby boom", a time where couples were encouraged to have families (seen as bizarre or freakish if they didn't) and women's magazines
            began publishing articles and advertising which fostered pride in home work and feminine ideals.
 
*    Class comments regarding the documentary:
    *    The working women represented in the film understood the nature of their work and theorized why and how they lost their jobs.
    *    Wworking in the factory was a hard sell for middle class women who did not 'need' to work.
    *     The economic crisis and problems of industry and government during the post-war period were assumed by minority and working class women, just as the
            workforce crises and problems of industry and government were assumed by minority and working class women during the war.

*    Questions concerning Essay Two:
    *    Two differences between essay one and two
        *    The time period of the latter is to cover 1940's and 50's representations of women
        *    Must use a scholarly article not found in the class material, as well as a scholarly article from the class material to analyze the representations found during
                the aforementioned time period.
    *    Do not utilize an article found in a book as a source for the scholarly article not found in the class material, students are required to learn research techniques
            utilizing journal database information; it is possible to reference material found in a book as supplemental information, but not in place of the journal database
            information.