where r is interest rates, n number of compounding period in one year, and T number of years

where r is interest rates, n number of compounding period in one year, and T number of years

where EAR is the Equivalent Annual Rate, APR is Annual Percentage Rate, and n is the number of compounding period in a year

where r is interest rates and T number of years in continuous compounding

where r is interest rates and T number of years in continuous compounding

EAR and APR in continuous compounding

where PVA is the Present Value of Annuity, CF is Cash Flow of a compounding period, r is the annual interest rate (opportunity cost of capital, required rate of return), n is the number of compounding period in a year, and T is number of years (lifetime of cash flows)

where FVA is the Futuret Value of Annuity, CF is Cash Flow of a compounding period, r is the annual interest rate (opportunity cost of capital, required rate of return), n is the number of compounding period in a year, and T is number of years (lifetime of cash flows)

where Coupon is Coupon Dollar amount semiannually, YTM is the Yield-to-Maturity (opportunity cost of capital, required rate of return or interest rate), and T is number of years (lifetime of cash flows). AF stands for Annuity Factor, DF stands for Discount Factor

CF is Cash Flow of a compounding period, r is compounding period's interest rate (opportunity cost of capital, required rate of return)

P₀ is price of bond, Coupon_i is semiannual coupon at time i, and YTM_i is Yield-to-Maturity for maturity I, Par is face value of bond, and T is years to maturity.

where Coupon is Coupon Dollar amount Annually, and Price is the Market Price of the Bond (given by aforementioned equation)

HPR is Holding Period Return calculated over one compounding period, Interim Cash is any cash received during the period e.g. for bonds Interim Cash is Coupon, for Stock Interim Cash is Dividend

P_t is price of stock at time t, Div_t+i is dividend at time t+i, and r is required rate return of stock (opportunity cost of equity)

P_t is price of stock at time t, Div_t+1 is dividend at time t+1, r is required rate return of stock (opportunity cost of equity), and g is the growth rate of dividends

BRR is book rate of return, B.V. stand for book value

EAC is equivalent annual cost, r is opportunity cost, and T is life of project

BE is Break even point, FC is fixed cost, and DEP is Depreciation, and %VC is percentage variable cost

DOL is degree of operating leverage, FC is fixed cost, and DEP is Depreciation, and Profits is before-tax profits

r^A_i is return of asset A in state i, p_i is probability of state i, and S is total number of states

E(r_i ) is the expected return of asset i, b_i is beta of stock i, r_f is return of risk free asset, E(r_i) is expected return of the market, and MRP is the market risk premium

b_P is beta of the portfolio, b_i is the beta of asset i, w_i is the weight of asset i

w_L is the weight of loans with cost of r_L, w_D is the weight of debt with cost of r_D, w_P is the weight of preferred stocks with cost of r_P, w_E is the weight of common stocks with cost of r_E, and t is the marginal tax rate

P is price of preferred stock, Div is dividend, and r is required rate return of stock (opportunity cost of equity)

b_A is beta of assets, b_D is beta of debt, b_E is beta of equity, D is value of debt, E value of equity and V is firm's value

w_D is the weight of debt with cost of r_D, w_E is the weight of equity with cost of r_E, and t is the marginal tax rate