They also returned frequently to sites where they tended small plots of ground, which they farmed. In addition to their diversion dams along rivers and tributaries to irrigate gardens of squash, beans, watermelons, wheat, and maize, the Hualapai also channeled springs in cliff faces to flood adjacent fields and used natural runoff from mountain springs.

During the winter, the Hualapai encamped in larger, more sedentary groups. Men and boys hunted rabbits communally and bighorn sheep, pronghorn antelope, and mule deer. They supplemented the meat with the nutritious vegetables and fruit the women had stored.

Today, the Hualapai Bilingual/Bicultural Program at Peach Springs, Arizona is known around the world. As described earlier, supporters of the preservation of indigenous languages in the U.S. face serious obstacles, and since the late 1960s, hundreds of indigenous-language maintenance programs have been undertaken. The Hualapai program has inspired many others because of its success. As a community-based endeavor, this program uses curriculum, from kindergarten through eighth grade, that has as its goal the development of understanding of the Hualapai students' own community and environment. When students work on botany, they start their study with the plants that surround them; as they broaden their learning, they compare botanical information from other parts of the country with the botanical resources in their area. By using modern technology - computers, VCRs, a video studio, CD-ROMs - to record and make available to students their traditional culture, the program is not only preserving but also keeping alive the vitality of Hualapai culture.

While the Havasupai and Hualapai were essentially the same people-the Pai-the Yavapai were more distantly related and were the enemies of the Pai. The Yavapai divided themselves into four subtribes, the Western, Central, Northeastern, and Southeastern. Each subtribe was broken down into a number of smaller groups, and several families composed a camp or local group led by an older man. Their political organization was flexible: when resources could be gathered, hunted, and grown efficiently by a local group, several extended families camped together; at other times, when resources were scarce, a few families moved off to harvest areas on their own. Yavapai social organization was well adapted to their nomadic lifestyle as well, for bilateral kinship provided the flexibility for individuals and families to leave a local group when they had a disagreement and to join another group in which the wife or husband had relatives through either of their parents. The only Yavapai subtribe that was not bilateral was the Southeastern Yavapai, who intermarried with the San Carlos and Tonto Apaches. These two Apache subtribes had matrilineal clans, and the Southeastern Yavapai probably developed matrilineal clans as a result of this contact.

Today, the Yavapai have three major reservations, located at Fort McDowell, Prescott, and Camp Verde, and each is a separate political entity. The Fort McDowell Yavapai Tribe's reservation is located just outside metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona and is the largest Yavapai reservation.

Owned and operated by the Yavapai-Prescott Tribe, Bucky's Casino and the Yavapai Casino have helped transform the economic status of the Yavapai-Prescott Tribe. This tribe has also built both industrial and commercial properties and has a good working relationship with the town of Prescott, Arizona.

The Yavapai-Apache Nation bonds two groups that formed close ties during their imprisonment at San Carlos. They reside today on the Camp Verde Reservation.